Artistic collaboration — meaning cooperation toward the creation of a single unified artwork — has deep roots in Iranian art. Traditional miniature paintings, for instance, were the product of collective labor divided among specialized craftsmen. With the rise of modernism and its emphasis on individualism, the structure of art production shifted; yet collective practices persisted in new forms. Contemporary Iranian art now exhibits diverse models of collaboration, ranging from curatorial projects and conceptual exhibitions to professional collectives and intrafamilial partnerships. The following examines several notable examples.